Files are available under licenses specified on their description page. Rangewide phylogeography of a birddispersed eurasian shrub. Biological control ofbuckthorns rhamnus cathartica and. Pre evaluation report for frangula alnus ron williams. Minnesota environment and natural resources trust fund as recommended by the legislative commission on. The yellowgreen flowers of frangula alnus are bisexual and 5merous, and arranged in 18 flowered sessile, glabrous umbels. Rhamnus cathartica and frangula alnus report 20040q a. Frangula alnus forweb ohio invasive plants council. Rhamnus frangula herb uses, benefits, cures, side effects.
Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, imap. This plant and synonyms italicized and indented above can be weedy or invasive according to the authoritative sources noted below. If a branch is cut, the sapwood tissue just below the outer bark is yellow and the heartwood tissue in the center is pinkorange michigan. With shrub honeysuckles, glossy buckthorn frangula alnus, rhamnus frangula often forms solid understories in natural forest areas of northeastern north america. Pdf pollen diversity in honey collected from lithuanias. Prelogging treatment of invasive glossy buckthorn frangula alnus. Rhamnus frangula is a deciduous shrub growing to 5 m 16ft by 4 m ft at a slow rate. Foliage the dark green leaves are shiny, alternate sometime opposite and simple with prominent venation. It is native to europe, northernmost africa, and western asia, from ireland and great britain north to the 68th parallel in scandinavia, east to central siberia and xinjiang in western. This deciduous shrub or small tree grows on a wide range of soils, but avoids droughtprone and permanently waterlogged sites. Frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and in bold. Frangula alnus online atlas of the british and irish flora. It is in flower from may to june, and the seeds ripen from september to november. Pollen diversity in honey collected from lithuanias protected landscape areas article pdf available in proceedings of the estonian academy of sciences 624.
The alder buckthorn can be considered a deciduous shrub or even a small tree, the plant often reaches 20 feet in height when fully mature. Official glossy buckthorn frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and in bold, comments are inserted in italics assessed august 7, 2003 by ellen jacquart, ken collins, bob oneill, paul labus, don miller, mike cline, dave heckler, lee casebere updated january, 2012 to add information on fineline buckthorn by ellen jacquart. In the present study toxicity of frangula alnus mill. The simple, alternate leaves are papery and dark green with a shiny upper surface and a dull, hairy or smooth lower surface. Pdf the effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in cell culture. Frangula species, alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn. The alder buckthorn is botanically called rhamnus frangula. Perennial, deciduous, shrub or small tree, often multistemmed, can be singletrunked, to 20 tall. Leaves are deciduous, simple, and generally arrang ed alternately. Note that the pdf version is the booklet as published, whereas the excel spreadsheet incorporates subsequent corrections. Uses, benefits, cures, side effects, nutrients in rhamnus frangula. Rhamnus cathartica and frangula alnus report 200405. Highlights frangula rupestris is a new source of anthraquinone derivatives. Frangula alnus in the germplasm resources information network grin, u.
It is found in scrub on fen peat, on the edges of raised mires, on heaths and in valley mires, in scrub, hedgerows and in woodland. Dont confuse alder buckthorn with european buckthorn. Anatomical analysis and phytochemical screening of frangula. The hmpc conclusions only cover frangula bark preparations that are obtained by drying and comminuting reducing into tiny pieces the bark. Frangula alnus, closeup of fruits, late flowers and leaves in a garden. Frangula alnus is a deciduous shrub growing to 5 m 16ft by 4 m ft at a slow rate. Out of scope information includes radiopharmaceuticals, contrast media, herbals, homeopathics, and food. Unlike other buckthorns, alder buckthorn does not have thorns. Clusters about 1 inch across in the leaf axils of new growth, 2 to 8 flowers in a cluster.
Frangula bark is the common name for the bark of the plant rhamnus frangula l. The tree likes sun to halfshade at the location and the soil should be permeable soils. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any. Frangula alnus is a shrub or small tree with brownish gray bark speckled with easily distinguished elongated, lighter areas called lenticels michigan.
The herbal monograph selects and summarises scientific studies and textbooks regarding efficacy, dosage and safety to support the therapeutic uses of frangula bark. This page was last edited on 17 december 2019, at 07. All structured data from the file and property namespaces is available under the creative commons cc0 license. Benefits of alder buckthorn rhamnus frangula for health. The aged or heated bark of the plant is used to make medicine. This plant flowers after the leaves expand, from may to september. Wisconsin manual of control recommendations for ecologically invasive plants. The first of the five applications, in june 2008, involved manual cutting of stems. The genus name is possibly derived from the latin frangere meaning to break, perhaps a reference to the brittle nature of its branches.
Most authorities now recognize this section as a separate genus, using frangula alnus mill. Our study was eonducted in two populations in the southern and western part of the reserve, which count with several hundred adult plants. Map of plant locations plant location data may be incomplete in collections. The specific name alnus and the common name alder buckthorn may be related to the frequent. Frangula alnus, commonly known as alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, or breaking buckthorn, is a tall deciduous shrub in the family rhamnaceae. They were probably introduced to the us before 1800 but did not become widespread until the early 1900s. List of various diseases cured by rhamnus frangula. How rhamnus frangula is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format.
Of interest to pharmaceutical, nutritional, and biomedical research, as well alternative therapies and herbal products. It was widely recommended for conservation plantings in the midwest until its invasive tendencies became apparent. Frangula alnus is widespread on open sites throughout the reserve and by far the most abundant fieshyfruited species in the area. As a consequence, although it is widely recognized that glacial relict populations have been experiencing unique ecological. Dailymed rhamnus frangula frangula alnus bark pellet. Tracheophyta magnoliopsida rhamnaceae frangula frangula alnus. Leaves are darkgreen and glossy above while dull green below. Glossy buckthorn can either grow as a multistemmed shrub or singlestemmed tree up to 23 7 m tall. Its wide distribution covers most of the temperate forest zone of europe up to the urals and caucasus, occurring even in the southern boreal and cool mediterranean forests. Rhamnaceae article pdf available in plant biosystems 121. Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn is native to eurasia but has been commonly planted in this country as a hedge and for wildlife food and cover. Rhamnus frangula alnus fine line is a handsome deciduous shrub that fits perfectly into a small sized garden. Manual, mechanical and chemical methods are all useful to.
The alder buckthorn is characterized by the presence of glossy oval shaped green leaves, each of which can be one to three inches in length, the leaves are borne on the stem in alternate rows and are not ridged. Frangula alnus, commonly known as glossy buckthorn, is a shrub that can grow to seven metres and is sometimes considered a tree. Glossy buckthorn is a shrub or small tree growing to a height of 10 to 25 feet. Pdf on jun 8, 2016, morteza sagharjoghi farahani and others published the effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in cell culture find, read and. Department of agriculture agricultural research service. The bark is gray or brown with closely spaced, white lenticels. Rhamnus frangula alder buckthorn pfaf plant database. Like the honeysuckles, it leafs out very early, shading out the native herbaceous layer.
Glossy, oval to obovate, dark green leaves to 3 long retain green color well into fall, usually resulting in poor fall color. Rheinhold funding for this project was provided by. Czarapata voucher specimen needed in nd, sd, ks, and mo. Names of rhamnus frangula in various languages of the world are also given.
Pdf vaccinium myrtillus leaves and frangula alnus bark derived. Frangula alnus, commonly known as glossy buckthorn, is a shrub that. Frangula alnus the following table provides fire regime information vegetation types where glossy buckthorn may occur. Frangula alnus glossy buckthorn fral4 8004 european alder alder buckthorn elizabeth j. Maine natural areas program, invasive plants, glossy buckthorn. Rhamnaceae buckthorn family medicinal use of alder buckthorn.
Frangula alnus at encyclopedia of life frangula alnus at national center for biotechnology information. Pdf anatomical notes on turkish frangula alnus mill. This plant is often found grown in moist habitats near alders. Appearance frangula alnus is a large shrub or small tree that can grow to heights of 30 ft. Alderleaved buckthorn rhamnus alnifolia has serrate leaf margins. Minnesota environment and natural resources trust fund as recommended by the legislative commission on minnesota resources lcmr. The effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in cell culture.
In the past, frangula was treated as a subgenus of rhamnus, distinguished from rhamnus sensu stricto by the presence of bisexual instead of unisexual flowers and 5merous instead of 4merous flower parts, and on the basis of seed characteristics. Online viewing for only 30 per year, you can view online all the. It is also commonly called glossy buckthorn in reference to its glossy leaves. Alder buckthorn is a shrub that grows in parts of europe and north america. Flowers are perfect both male and female parts present, yellowish or greenish white, about 18 inch across on a stalk.
This plant may be known by one or more common names in different places, and some are listed above. Frangula alnus usda, ars, germplasm resources information network. Frangula alnus is wellknown for anthranoid content, and its stem bark and fruits are widely used as laxatives. Alder buckthorn has been used medicinally as a gentle laxative since at least the middle ages. Search results can be downloaded in pdf or spreadsheet form. Alder buckthorn rhamnus frangula, also called black dogwood. Deciduous shrub with many sprouts from the base, or small tree, 6 to 24 feet 12 m in height, up to 10 inches 25 cm in diameter with glossy bark thus the common name, thornless stems and an oval, muchbranched crown. Indeed, it is listed as an invasive species in some areas as are many introduced buckthorns, and reportedly is very aggressive in wet, forested locations. Frangula alnus assessment answers are underlined and. Pdf the effects of frangula alnus miller on hek cells in. Download includes an excel spreadsheet of the attributes, and a pdf explaining the background and nomenclature. Both investigated frangula species are effective antioxidants. Rhamnus frangula landscape plants oregon state university. In north america, wetlands are invaded by frangula alnus.
Senna, frangula alnus, and mitchella repens squaw vine are sources of anthraquinones, which are used to prevent formation and, during acute attacks, reduce the size of stones. The leaf margins are smoothentire and tend to be slightly wavy. Rhamnus frangula frangula alnus bark pellet out of scope out of scope for rxnorm and will not receive rxnorm normal forms. Pdf online viewing for only 30 per year, you can view online all the monographs summary. Frangula alnus on integrated taxonomic information system. This spiny invasive species is a listed noxious weed, invasive, or banned in five states. Frangula bark consists of the dried, whole or fragmented bark of the stems and branches of rhamnus frangula l. Frangula alnus typically inhabits wet, shaded and acidic soils. Only potential vegetation types from northcentral and northeastern us habitats where glossy buckthorn is most widely distributed are listed in the table below. The specific epithet alnus refers to the alder genus alnus. The genus name frangula comes from the word frango, meaning fragile or brittle, in reference to the tendency of the twigs of some species to break easily. Pdf due to constantly increasing antibiotic resistance of pathogens and participation of the biofilms they make in various types of infections, a. Frangula alnus is commonly called alder buckthorn because it is frequently seen in the wild growing in moist soils near alders genus alnus.
The tree is a deciduous tree, it will be up to 7 m 30 ft high. Anthraquinone profiles, antioxidant and antimicrobial. Modified dispersalrelated traits in disjunct populations. Fine line is a cultivar of the alder buckthorn and confusingly has a variety of names including rhamnus frangula fine line and frangula alnus fine line, but all refer to this upright columnar shrub with long, fine pointed leaves. The species is hermaphrodite has both male and female organs and is pollinated by insects.
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